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Introduction 1

Theory: The Foundation for Interpretation 2

Some Basic Theoretical Concepts 5

Knowing or Epistemology 6

Learning Theories 8

Herbart's Apperceptive Mass 8

Rabelais' "frozen words" 10

Taxonomy of Educational Objectives 11

The Zeigarnik Effect 13

Latent Learning 14

Convergent and Divergent Production 15

Cognitive Dissonance Theory 16

Theories on Knowledge and Affect

Kurt Lewin's Field Theory 18

Hall's Theory of Learning and Affect 20

Status Characteristic Theory 22

Methodology 26

Ways of Knowing 26

Incurring Wrath of "Those Who Know" 27

Some Basic Concepts of Methods 28

Sampling 28

Measurement 29

Quantitative versus Qualitative Data 29

Secondary Analysis 30

The Obtrusiveness of Data and Triangulation 30

On the Problem with Defining Categories 32

Statistics: Why We Need It 36

Rule of Thumb for Tables 38

What SPSS Offers You 38

Rule of Thumb for Text 39

Where Does Our Theoretical Perspective Come From? 39

Variables 41

Independent and Dependent 41

Personal Experience and Spurious Relationships 44

Getting Drunk 45

Validity 47

Faculty Answer the Essay Questions

The Better to Clarify Why We Ask Them

and The Better to Throw In More Information 49